§29.1321 Arrangement and visibility

(a) Each fl ight, navi gation, and powerplant instrument for use by an y p ilot m ust b e easily visible to him from hi s st ation wi th t he m inimum practicable deviation from his normal position and line of vi sion when he i s looking forward along the flight path. (b) Each instrument necessary for safe operation, including t he ai rspeed i ndicator, gyroscopic di rection i ndicator, gy roscopic bank-and-pitch in dicator, slip -skid in dicator, altim eter, rate-of-climb indicator, rotor tachometers, and t he indicator most represent ative of engi ne power, must be grouped and cent red as nearl y as practicable about t he vert ical pl ane of the pilot’s forward vision. In a ddition, for rotorcraft approved for IFR flight: (1) The instrument that most effectively indicates attitu de m ust b e o n the panel in the top centre position; (2) The instrument that most effectively indicates direction of fli ght must be adjacent to and directly below the attitude instrument; (3) The instrument that most effectively indicates airspeed must be adjacent to and to the left of the attitude instrument; and (4) The instrument that most effectively indicates altitude or is m ost freq uently u tilised in control of altitude m ust be adjacent to and to the right of the attitude instrument. (c) Other required powerplant instrum ents must be closely grouped on the instrument panel. (d) Identical powerplant instrum ents for the engines must be l ocated so as to prevent any confusion as to which engine each instrum ent relates. (e) Each p owerplant in strument v ital to safe operation m ust be pl ainly vi sible t o appropriate crew members. (f) Instrum ent panel vibration m ay not damage, or im pair the r eadability or accuracy of, any instrument. (g) If a visual indicator is provided to indicate malfunction of an i nstrument, i t m ust be effective under all probable cockpit lighting conditions.